Human rights and social welfare

United Nations Independent Expert on Foreign Debt and Human Rights Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky, wrapping up a visit to Sri Lanka this week, called for the Government and other organisations funding development to assess the human rights impact of their protects. Essentially, his call was for data-centric policymaking to become the Government standard. 

As a country which struggles to find adequate resources, it is doubly important that they are used to benefit as many people as possible. By international standards, social assistance is less generous in Sri Lanka than in many other comparable countries. The World Bank, in a 2016 benchmarking exercise examining the generosity and targeting of social assistance programs across 40 lower-middle-income countries, found that the contribution to the lowest of Sri Lanka’s poor, or those who live on about Rs. 120 a day, is merely 6.6%, significantly below Pakistan, the Philippines and even Bolivia.

Not only are Sri Lanka’s social assistance programs small, but the budget devoted to social transfers has also fallen in recent years. Spending on social transfers, with the exception of fertiliser subsidies, has declined in real terms. For example, the fall in the real value of Samurdhi transfers slowed poverty reduction by 9.6% between 2002 and 2012/13. Because of the decline in spending, by 2012/13, six key programs, including hand-outs for the disabled and elderly, combined amounted to only over 3% of total household consumption for the bottom consumption quintile. So, Samurdhi has had a minor and decreasing impact on poverty reduction. Samurdhi transfers are too small to make a large impact on poor households’ budgets as they contributed only 1.7% to household consumption of the poorest 20% of the population in 2012/13, according to the World Bank study. In other words, subtracting the Samurdhi benefit from household consumption would increase the national poverty rate by 2.1% points in 2002. But in 2012/13, the comparable figure had declined to merely 0.6% points.

The poverty reduction impacts of other social assistance programs are even smaller. These programs include the school food program, fertiliser subsidies, the Thriposha program, disability and relief, elderly payment, scholarship, health and medical aids, food and accommodation, and disaster relief assistance. Combined, their impact on poverty is almost negligible at 0.5% points.

The report goes on to say that among Sri Lanka’s social transfer programs, Samurdhi and the school lunch program are better targeted than fertiliser subsidies. Samurdhi and school lunch programs transfer roughly 55% of benefits to the bottom 40%. The fertiliser subsidy is the least well-targeted transfer, with only 45% of the benefit being devoted to the bottom 40%.

Samurdhi’s targeting performance has slightly worsened in recent years. In 2002, 42% of all transfers reached the bottom quintile and 70% reached the bottom 40%. But by 2012-13, this had fallen to 39% and 65%, respectively. Reforming the social assistance programs, including the Samurdhi, to reduce leakage and improve coverage of the disadvantaged can make it more helpful for the poor. 

Sri Lanka’s social welfare programs are also fragmented with coordination spread over about 11 departments and ministries, making their administration and evaluation almost impossible. 

Given this data, a massive change has to happen with both the public and the Government. For starters, the Government must invest in more studies to gather data and understand dynamics before crafting policies rather than rolling out hand-outs to broker more votes. The public must also understand the difference between quality and quantity so that their representatives use public revenue to formulate and implement poverty alleviation methods that actually work or it will continue to be precious public money spent inefficiently.