Chinese scientists develop DNA nano robots to treat cancer

Chinese scientists said they have successfully created and tested the world’s first autonomous DNA Nano robots to combat cancer tumours, paving the way for revolutionary cancer therapy. Scientists from China’s National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) led the research and cooperated with scientists from Arizona State University in upgrading the design of the Nano robots. The scientific study was published in Nature Biotechnology in February.

A Nano robot refers to a designed system that can perform a specific task at nanoscale dimensions. According to researcher Ding Baoquan, the DNA-based Nano robot has a tube-shaped structure with a diameter of about 19 nanometres and a length of about 90 nanometres.

“The Nano robot is exceptionally small and impossible to see with naked eyes. It is about 5,000 times smaller than the tip of a needle,” Ding said. It can travel through the bloodstream searching for tumours. Once it detects a tumour, it will release its load of thrombin directly into the tumour to cut off its blood supply and “starve” the tumour to death.

As the DNA Nano robot is a natural biocompatible and biodegradable material, it is cleared out of the body after it has finished its task.

Nanotechnology has provided new opportunities for medical industry. The research was started five years ago, when NCNST researchers first looked at cutting off the tumour blood supply by using DNA-based Nano carriers. Ding said although the concept of Nano robots for medical use has previously been introduced and experiments conducted in test tubes, this is the first time that experiments have been completed on living organisms with sophisticated biological environments. 

The research evaluated the Nano robots in mice with tumours. The DNA Nano robots were injected into mice, and the results showed significant tumour shrinkage and often, complete tumour regression, within days or weeks.

According to scientist Zhao Yuliang, the research team also conducted extensive safety studies of the Nano robots in two different mammals, including the Bama miniature pig, which is physiologically and anatomically similar to humans. “Unlike chemotherapy and radiation, the DNA Nano robots are able to treat tumours without harming surrounding healthy tissue. The Nano robots do not accumulate in the brain and thus, do not pose the risk of causing a stroke,” Zhao said.

Nie Guangjun, also part of the research team, believes this is a milestone in cancer research, a field that has been striving for decades to develop effective therapies. “Our research shows that DNA-based Nano carriers have been shown to be an effective and safe cancer therapy,” Nie said. “We are currently working with a biotech firm to do pre-clinical studies and hope to translate this revolutionary technology into a viable anti-tumour therapeutic,” Nie added.

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